Increasing productivity and protein content using early-maturing rices and efficient nitrogen management

Germplasm with shorter duration than that of the currently grown varieties is being generated to maximize productivity of irrigated rice. However, short-duration varieties often produce yields lower than the medium- and long-duration varieties. Experiments were conducted during the 1980–82 dry and wet seasons to increase productivity through the use of very early-maturing rices and the improved management of nitrogen (N) fertilizers.Results over three years showed that IR58 and IR9729-67-3 (growth duration 100 ± 5 days) yield as well as or higher than IR36 although earlier maturing. They generally had a higher productivity (kg ha^–1 day^–1) than IR36 (110 ± 5 days).Three years' data suggest that the improved timing of broadcast applications of urea in split doses increased grain yield comparable with the basal incorporation of slow-release sulfur-coated urea (SCU) or deep point-placement of urea supergranules (USG).Results on elite breeding lines showed that the early-maturing IR9729-67-3 produced higher protein yield ha^–1 than longer duration varieties such as IR8 and IR42 in the dry season. Furthermore, contrary to earlier results, single basal incorporation of slow-release SCU increased the protein yield of rice by 53 kg ha^–1 and deep point-placement of USG by 43 kg ha^–1 over split application of prilled urea.     

原料状况及超临界二氧化碳流体萃取操作条件对当归油萃取率的影响研究

运用超临界流体萃取技术提取当归油 ,综合考察了原料状况 (粒度、水分 )和萃取釜条件 (温度、压力、萃取釜中原料加入量、是否放置填料、填料位置以及SC -CO2 流量 )对当归油萃取率的影响 ,得到较好的超临界流体萃取当归油的条件为 :1L萃取釜装料量 2 5 0 g ,压力 18- 2 0MPa ,温度 4 0℃ ,釜底放置填料 ,时间为 ( 2 - 2 .5 )hr ,原料粒度 ( 4 0 - 6 0 )目 ,含水量 ( 5 .87- 8.7) % ,SC -CO2 流量Q =( 5 - 15 )kg/hr。当归油萃取率可大于 2 .5 7%。     

Synthesis of cyano-polycarbosilane and investigation of its pyrolysis process

Polycarbonsilane (PCS) is an important precursor of silicon carbide (SiC) fibers and ceramics. The ceramic yield of PCS is relatively low, about 60 %, which may bring some deficiencies in its applications. In this work, a novel precursor cyano-polycarbosilane (PCSCN) is synthesized by hydrosilylation reaction between PCS and acrylonitrile using a rhodium-containing catalyst, although acrylonitrile is generally not easy for hydrosilylation. After introducing tiny amounts of cyano (-C≡N) groups into the PCS molecules, the ceramic yield of PCSCN can increase largely to over 80 %. The ceramization mechanism of PCSCN is investigated by FTIR, TG, XPS, ESR, NMR, Raman and XRD analyses. It is found that some crosslinking structures in PCSCN are formed between SiH bonds and CN groups from about 200 ℃, which can be responsible for the high ceramic yield. The existence of a little more N, O and free C elements in the pyrolysis products may inhibit the growth of crystalline β-SiC. Moreover, the PCSCN precursor can also be melt-spun into continuous fibers by tailoring its molecular weight and softening point. The oxidized PCSCN fiber with relatively low oxygen content can be pyrolyzed without melting, and the final SiC fiber with an oxygen content as low as 8.5 % is obtained.     

高残炭率酚醛树脂的耐热性能研究

采用无水乙醇、水杨醛和水杨醛 Resorcinarenes杯芳烃分别对自制氨酚醛树脂进行改性处理,得到3种改性酚醛树脂A、B、C。通过傅立叶变换红外光谱、差示扫描量热法和热重法对3种改性酚醛树脂的分子结构、固化行为和耐热性能进行了对比分析,运用Ozawa等转化率法对改性酚醛树脂C进行了热降解动力学分析。结果表明,与改性酚醛树脂A、B相比,改性酚醛树脂C具有更好的热稳定性和更高的残炭率,它在700℃氮气气氛下的残炭率大于73%;水杨醛、Resorcinarenes杯芳烃与氨酚醛树脂相互作用,形成的芳环含量更高的共轭结构使改性酚醛树脂C的热解表观活化能大幅度提高,这是其具有优良耐热性能和高残炭率的主要原因。     

提高轻苯产率和降低洗油消耗的措施

通过对粗苯装置设备的改造和优化操作,既解决了设备能力与生产负荷不匹配的问题,又提高了轻苯收率和降低了洗油消耗。     

Influence of modified forms of urea and nitrogen levels on weed growth and grain yield of lowland rice

The growth of weeds and their subsequent reduction of rice yield as affected by N source neem cake coated urea (NCU), dicyandiamide coated urea (DCU), rock phosphate coated urea (RPCU), urea supergranules (USG) and prilled urea (PU) was studied on a clay loam soil at Coimbatore, India. Experiments were conducted in northeast monsoon (NEM) 1981, summer 1982, and southwest monsoon (SWM) 1982 seasons.The crop was associated with eleven weed species, and the dominant weeds wereEchinochloa crus-galli, Cyperus difformis andMarsilea quadrifolia. The weed flora varied between seasons. Deep placement of USG reduced the dry weight of weeds in NEM and summer seasons at 60, 90 and 120 Kg N ha^–1 whereas it increased the dry weight at 60 and 90 but not 120 Kg N ha^–1 in SWM season. The dry weight of weeds decreased with increased N rates for all N sources during NEM and summer seasons. In SWM season, dry weight of weeds increased with increased N rates for all N sources except USG. The grain yield of rice was drastically reduced with the deep placement of USG at 60 but not 120 Kg N ha^–1 in SWM season. The differential effect of the N sources between seasons was due to the change of the weed flora. Dominance ofE. crus-galli during SWM season had greater influence on weed dry weight and grain yield of rice.Nitrogen uptake by weeds was frequently greater in unfertilized plots, particularly in NEM and summer seasons. In SWM season, the apparent fertilizer N recovery by weeds was high for USG. It decreased from 53% for 60 Kg USG-N ha^–1 to 4% for 120 Kg USG-N ha^–1.Contribution from the part of Ph.D. work of the first author at Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641 003, Tamil Nadu, India.     

新疆加甫沙尔苏地区中酸性小岩体型矿化蚀变遥感异常提取与找矿

中酸性小岩体的内部及附近的围岩中常形成与岩浆岩体有关的大型、超大型矿床,已成为找矿工作的一个重点方向。由于地质工作程度的限制,中酸性小岩体易被遗漏,严重制约了该类型矿化的发现。在新疆西准噶尔达尔布特断裂带下盘加甫沙尔苏地区找矿工作中,通过综合分析,提出了以遥感手段为主导的中酸性小岩体型矿化找矿模型:利用ASTER数据,通过图像增强处理、图像解译识别中酸性小岩体并提取蚀变遥感异常,结合地质、化探信息综合分析后确定重点检查区域。野外检查发现了加甫沙尔苏斑岩型钼矿化点,证实了该方法的有效性。该方法可以为西部地区中酸性小岩体型矿产资源勘查提供借鉴。     

高性能烧蚀材料用酚醛型氰酸酯的合成与表征

本文制备了具有较低分子量、基本不含游离酚的线型酚醛树脂,在此基础上合成了酚醛型氰酸酯,并运用场解吸质谱、红外、热重分析等手段对产物进行了相关组成和性能方面的表征。研究结果表明,所制备的酚醛型氰酸酯具有低的杂质含量、高的烧蚀残碳率,适合于高性能烧蚀材料的树脂基体。     

The effect of water on the tensile yield of polystyrene

When PS is tested in tension but immersed in water the yield stress is unchanged and the crazing stress is increased, as compared with tests conducted in air. The crazing pattern is otherwise unchanged. If the PS is first equilibrated with water and then tested under water, both crazing stress and yield stress are reduced. A very large number of small crazes are generated which result in a 23% increase in the fracture strain.     

乙烯收率状况分析与对策

通过对广州石化乙烯厂裂解原料、收率、运行状况进行分析，揭示石脑油质量波动对乙烯收率的影响，研究了乙烯收率的偏低原因，并提出原料频繁变化条件下，原料优化运作和COT调整对策。